From the beginning of the first Religious Freedom Restoration Act (“RFRA”), it was nearly impossible for most of us to predict what claim would land in our laps next, or what claims would dominate. Except for the conservative Christians, whose agenda keeps popping up through the policy and RFRA thicket.
When RFRA began its journey through our society in 1993, the conservative Christian agenda was so deeply buried that the “Coalition for the Free Exercise of Religion” included the ACLU, Americans United for Separation of Church and State, and People for the American Way. President Clinton proudly signed it.
To this day, conservative Christians like to describe the RFRAs as “bipartisan” as they point to Clinton’s and the ACLU’s support, because that gives them cover for their extreme conservative agendas. No more. The anti-progressive agendas slowly leaked out, and now all of those liberal groups have some explaining to do, but more importantly, battles to wage, and to their credit they have stepped up.
But the real folks at fault are the legislators who have been willing to accept faith and faith alone as a reason to pass laws.
The Recent Parade of Conservative Christian Agendas Transformed into Law
From the late 20th century to now, major public policy has been shaped to fit one religious world view, that of the conservative Christians. I am not a political scientist and so won’t venture to say why this is, other than to note that lobbying takes a lot of money.
They have heavily invested to make public policy reflect their beliefs in the following categories: reproductive health care, housing discrimination law, sexual orientation anti-discrimination law, same-sex marriage, and parental control over their children.
Reproductive health care. Since the Supreme Court recognized the right to reproductive privacy in Griswold v. Connecticut, there have been lobbyists operating to regulate and reduce the availability of contraception. After Roe v. Wade, there was a similar response, on steroids. Abortion has been regulated every which way to Sunday, including mandatory delays, “educational” materials to be shown by doctors, and exclusion of government welfare support for poor women. Who fought for these restrictions? Conservative Christians.
More recently, the federal government and some states have enacted so-called “conscience clauses,” which authorize health care professionals from pharmacists to emergency room doctors to refuse to provide prescriptions or other medical treatment if doing so conflicts with their religious faith, as Professor Leslie Griffin discusses here. They are worded broadly, but the goal was to reduce the availability of contraception, miscarriage medications, and abortifacients even in cases of rape or incest. Who demanded and succeeded in obtaining these laws? Conservative Christians.
Even though the vast majority of Americans approve and use contraception, the drive to reduce availability continues. Look at the anti-contraceptive agenda revealed when Hobby Lobby raised the RFRA sword to fight off the Affordable Care Act’s contraceptive mandate for its employees in arts and crafts stores in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby. Again: conservative Christians at work.
Housing Discrimination. Behind the apparently ecumenical RFRA drive in the early 1990s, there was an intent to undermine housing discrimination based on familial or marital status (a fact unintentionally disclosed during the first unsuccessful drive to enact a California RFRA). There was significant success because marital status never became a category under the federal fair housing law, and it is only recognized in a handful of states. Who was against the fair housing laws (actually from the beginning)? Conservative Christians.
LGBT Discrimination. Once Massachusetts recognized a right to same-sex marriage, state constitutional amendments and laws to ban gay marriage appeared in state after state. There was serious determination: after California recognized same-sex marriage, a referendum was passed to invalidate it. Who again? Conservative Christians.
Then there were demands for LGBTQ anti-discrimination laws, and the backlash began. Some cities and states did, but far from all, and the federal government never has. When some Colorado cities extended such protection, a Colorado referendum prohibited such civil rights. Source: Conservative Christians.
The Supreme Court in Romer v. Evans invalidated the Colorado law, because it was nothing but animus. So now there was a “need” for laws that would permit believers to avoid those anti-discrimination laws. RFRA advocates started to argue that the RFRAs apply between private entities so that business owners could reject same-sex couples and the LGBTQ community as customers. Such bills were introduced in Arizona, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Indiana, as I discuss here and here. One more time: conservative Christians.
Some might believe that the Indiana RFRA was the Waterloo for the conservative Christian agenda. Not so fast.
Family values. What is left? Well, family values, and in particular, parental rights to control their children.
The original version of the Georgia RFRA introduced this year contained the following language:
Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to . . . Impair the fundamental right of every parent to control the care and custody of such parent’s minor children, including but not limited to control over education, discipline, religious and moral instruction, health, medical care, welfare, place of habitation, counseling, and psychological and emotional well-being of such minor children as provided for under the laws of this state and of the United States . . . .
This was an odd parental rights provision in that it was being carved out of the RFRA with its extraordinary protection for religiously motivated conduct. Yet, what was more remarkable is that this language appeared in a RFRA at all. While the Georgia RFRA went nowhere, this revealed that the RFRAs are becoming vehicles for explicit agendas, which were originally kept under the radar to get the first RFRA enacted.
Later in 2015, Idaho considered and enacted a stand-alone parental rights law that now co-exists with the state RFRA. It grants parents a “fundamental right” to control their children’s upbringing in all categories, whether or not the state or federal constitutions accord parents a “fundamental” right of control. Again, this is straight out of the conservative Christian playbook. No doubt, it will be pushed in state after state. By whom? Conservative Christians.
Why does this matter? Because children die in homes where the parents choose faith over medical care; herd immunity is on the wane with the failure to vaccinate arising from religious exceptions; children are given to men in religious polygamist communities; children in deeply religious schools are often shortchanged on educational content; and children are disproportionately sexually abused in the home as compared to any other venue. Children need rights and more protection, not religious parents who can hide behind a “fundamental right” and a RFRA to martyr their children.
The Way Out of a One-Religious-World-View Public Policy
While the RFRA movement started with a remarkable even if utterly misguided bipartisan coalition, it is increasingly clear that one religious cohort in the United States has stood to benefit, and that the RFRA push is really just an integral part of the larger goal of imposing one religious world view on national and state public policy. The result is that the claim to a generic religious liberty now rings hollow. More importantly, it is time for our elected representatives to be reminded that, under the Constitution, they are required to represent all Americans, regardless of faith or creed.
When a lobbyist demands a law simply due to faith, or God, or Jesus, that’s not enough. If you need proof, you might want to give Indiana’s Gov. Mike Pence a call, as he has some valuable recent experience with thoughtlessly backing a law with no other justification than faith. In lieu of a call, though, you could simply read the polls.
This is a pretty damning article and I’m sure some of Prof. Hamilton’s colleagues will say it is unfair. But, if so, where are all the non-conservative cases of RFRA beneficiaries? Yes, there are various singular examples like prisoners or hosecea tea drinkers & she has spoken against them too (making this article seem a bit unbalanced). But, writ large, one side still seems much more active here, especially in respect to open-ended RFRAs.
with an eye-catching title, marci hamilton packs a wealth of important data into this article in support of the fact that our laws are racing towards putting this nation under the control of one particular religion. this fact stands our founders’ intended concept of freedom from government interference in citizens’ religions on its head. the slippery slope being what it is, unless this trend is reversed, we can look forward to a day when all folks who do not believe in jesus are subjected to government control in one or more areas of their lives. to take one example, as things are going, what’s to stop hobby lobby from insisting on the right to refuse to hire non-christians? it’s chilling in the extreme!
While I don’t agree with a lot of the conservative Christian agenda, it isn’t really that hard to understand how we got here. According to the PEW Research center 70% of Americans are self reported as religious, and the vast majority of those are Christian. While you are right it is the Evangelical community that is activist in the political agenda, the majority of what they do is in accord with all but the most liberal denominations. Further it is democracy in action. These laws are made in legislatures and often by referendum. They express the will of the people. The courts fulfill their role by restraining the excesses. I oppose abortion, the law of the land is that they are lawful. It isn’t “extreme” for me to seek protection from having to assist in what I view as murder, even if that means a woman has to travel further to get her abortion. The woman has the right to an abortion, I retain the right to not participate. I believe that LBGT relations are immoral, I do not seek to ban them, but seek the right to not participate in their weddings, You are correct that our representatives have a duty to represent all Americans, and it seems they are – by passing laws that both protect the minority and protect the majority from having to uplift, support and uphold the conduct of the minority.
I’m disappointed in this article. I hoped to read an insightful legal analysis of RFRA but instead found a poor opinion piece against a religious group exercising their constitutional and statutory rights. There is nothing wrong with individuals voicing their political opinions based on religious views. Their opinions can be judged on their merits, as everything else is. Just because you don’t find their views persuasive – because they are based on beliefs you disagree with – does not mean they lack legitimacy or should not be voiced. Additionally, Ms. Hamilton should do her research before joining the “herd” and castigating a religious group as the cause of the anti-vaccination epidemic. She drew an awkward and illogical conclusion in the hopes of disguising her discriminatory opinion of those who voice their religious beliefs. From my understanding, in places such as California, the vast majority of anti-vaxxers cite non-religious personal beliefs as the basis to reject vaccinations – not “conservative Christian” beliefs.
So sory that Ms. Hamilton is offended by Christianity. But she should consider the fact that Christians believe government is assaulting us with its own litany of amoral legislative agendas. Most offensive of all her statements is this: “From the late 20th century to now, major public policy has been shaped to fit one religious world view, that of the conservative Christians.”
How this statement could be made hardly amazes me, but it is, nevertheless, indicative of the pervasive rhetoric that purports to be founded in reality, when its true intent is the persecution of the adherents of faith. She cites a few Supreme Court cases that support mainstream (not “conservative”) Christian beliefs, but those same beliefs are held by Orthodox Jews and most Muslims as well. Why? Because each of these three major world religions all spring from the same root, but branch off in somewhat different directions. Each of these world religions is, at its core, “conservative” in nature.
It has become rather fashionable in the last 7 years of the Obama right wing climate to bash Christians moreso than any other religion. The same sort of thing was true of Jews 50 years ago in the 1960s. As a young Jewish person in that era, the animosity against Jews was so vitriolic that I essentially abandoned my faith. Today, as a Jewish Christian, I can fully embrace both elements of my faith.
I grant Ms. Hamilton the right to express her views, just as she must grant me, and all other persons of faith, not simply Christians, our views, too. The heart of the problem is that those who raise the banner against “conservative Christianity” have no tolerance for any views other than their own. To their peril.
By “offended by Christianity,” the writer apparently means one particular form of the religion (and yes, non-Christian faiths that share certain aspects) that Prof. Hamilton believes violates our rights and interferes with various important governmental interests (such as investigating child abuse, which she wrote a book about). Her offense to the idea Jesus rose from the dead to save the world etc. does not appear from the essay.
You can have “views” … her core concern is various “acts” that interferes with the rights of others and the power of the state in various respects. This would include, e.g., the right of equal treatment at a department store be it for blacks, women or gays, even if the store is owned by someone who thinks God doesn’t want unveiled women to be out in public so refuses to serve them. There should be tolerance of “views.”
Not “acts” like that sort of discrimination.
The first “Progressive” President gave us Prohibition, income tax, stopped Senators from being placed by State’s Legislatures, income tax, the Federal Reserve, and even gave Hitler the blueprint for his infamous Brownshirts. When the next President was inaugurated his first action was to release the thousands of political prisoners. Progressives considered themselves to have more knowledge and better educated than any who ever came before them. By not engaging with the lowly Christians, the Progressive Liberals get no compromise on any legislation. If Christians are going to endanger our children, I say what the Progressives have given us is much more detrimental to our kids.
All I can say is if they participate in politics and consume tax payer court time, they should be paying taxes. It doesn’t matter. Attendance in churches are diminishing as the stringent, hateful, conservative Christians are dying off and being replaced by smarter, more accepting, laissez faire, less religious youth.