Can a “Pastafarian” minister who was ordained online by the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (ordination available here) solemnize marriages in the U.S.? How about a minister of the Universal Life Church, ordained online without a fee and with no prerequisites? Or ministers of any number of other religions that may not have any belief system, and that will ordain anyone who wants to be ordained?
The answer depends on each state’s marriage laws and, in particular, on the statutory definition of an authorized officiant. Perhaps surprisingly, though, marriages are solemnized by ministers of these religions even in states where there is good reason to believe such ministers do not have the authority to preside over a valid wedding ceremony.
As I discussed in Part One of this series of columns, valid marriages require a license, witnesses, and solemnization by a person who has been granted the legal—not simply the religious—authority to preside over weddings. Moreover, during the wedding, the officiant must obtain the express consent of the parties to marry and then declare them to be married.
The failure to satisfy any one of these requirements can render the marriage invalid—and subject to annulment by a court. It can also affect other legal proceedings in which rights or obligations turn on the existence of a valid marriage. It is thus important to know whether an officiant you have selected to marry you in fact has the legal authority to do so.
In this column, I will discuss cases from several states that have invalidated marriages that were solemnized only by ministers ordained through the mail or online, with a special focus on New York, where the validity of such marriages is especially doubtful.
The World of Mail-Order and E-Mail-Order Ministries
As I discussed in greater detail in Part One of this two-part series of columns, the king of online ministries is the Universal Life Church (ULC), which has ordained over 20 million ministers since its founding in the early 1960s in Modesto, California. The ULC has no fixed set of beliefs; its only mantra is that ministers must “do that which is right.” Its website states that ministers have the authority to perform marriages, and the site includes a state-by-state rundown of marriage laws. However, the site neglects to mention the court opinions that have been issued in as many as four states (and that are discussed below) that have ruled ULC marriages invalid.
Because the ULC is by far the largest provider of ordinations, online or otherwise, its ministers have been the subject of all or virtually all of the litigation about online ordination and marriage. But the questions of what constitutes a religion, who qualifies as a minister, and whether the state has any business delegating a legal function to clergy of any religion must be answered more generally.
Other unconventional churches also ordain ministers that ostensibly could perform weddings. Some adhere to a set of more or less religious beliefs, but have an unconventional structure and ordain ministers by request. Others seem unconventional across the board. The Church of Body Modification, for example, is all about body piercing. The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (FSM) is at least satirically theistic, worshipping a Flying Spaghetti Monster who is said to have created the universe.
FSM began in 2005 as an open letter by Bobby Henderson to the Kansas State Board of Education demanding equal time for his theory of creation if schools were to begin teaching intelligent design alongside evolution. FSM then evolved into an online ministry that now ordains ministers, who, according to the website, have begun to perform weddings. (It also sells mugs, bumper stickers, and t-shirts with catchy “pastafarian” sayings like “he boiled for your sins,” “carbo diem,” and “touched by his noodly appendage”). The only “dogma allowed,” according to the website, is the “rejection of dogma.” FSM members believe that pirates have gotten a bad rap, that every Friday is a religious holiday, that beer is good, and that life should not be taken too seriously.
Putting its penchant for satire aside, this Church, like the ULC, ordains ministers online without any prerequisites at all. In its FAQs, the FSM website offers this defense for FSM ministers whose authority is challenged: “FSM is a real, legitimate religion, as much as any other. The fact that many see this is as a satirical religion doesn’t change the fact that by any standard one can come up with, our religion is as legitimate as any other. And that is the point.”
Can FSM—or ULC—ministers solemnize marriages that are legally valid? The answer to that question is “It depends.”
The Validity of Marriages Conducted by Ministers Ordained Online: A Checkered Landscape
As I discussed in Part One of this series, the Supreme Court of Mississippi ruled that the ULC was “enough of a religious body,” and one of its ministers “enough of a spiritual leader” to validate a marriage. By contrast, though, the Virginia Supreme Court refused to recognize a ULC minister as a valid officiant given how “casually and cavalierly” the status was acquired.
Moreover, there are several other states in which the validity of marriages presided over by ULC ministers has been challenged.
A 1980 North Carolina case, State v. Lynch, involved the prosecution of a man for bigamy. James Lynch had first married Sandra, and then, without divorcing Sandra, had also married Mary Alice. For this, he was charged with bigamy. His defense was that his marriage to Sandra, which had been solemnized by her father, a ULC minister, was invalid.
The North Carolina Supreme Court reversed his conviction, holding that because the marriage between James and Sandra was not valid, James was not guilty of bigamy. Although the court in Lynch said that the state does not have the power “to declare what is or is not a religious body or who is or is not a religious leader within the body,” it nonetheless held that “A ceremony solemnized by a Roman Catholic layman in the mail order business who bought for $10.00 a mail order certificate giving him ‘credentials of minister’ in the Universal Life Church, Inc.—whatever that is—is not a ceremony of marriage to be recognized for purposes of a bigamy prosecution in the State of North Carolina.”
To protect the expectations of other married couples who had used ULC ministers, the North Carolina state legislature adopted a law to make clear that pre-existing ULC marriages were all valid as long as they had not already been specifically invalidated by a court. As to marriages after that date in 1981, the statute was silent. The implication was that such marriages could no longer be celebrated in North Carolina. Moreover, a later North Carolina case suggested, but did not definitively rule, that ULC marriages are no good there.
In Utah, the legislature passed a statute in 2001 prohibiting mail-order or Internet ministers from solemnizing marriages. Doing so, moreover, was deemed a crime punishable by up to three years in prison. But this law was challenged shortly thereafter. A ULC minister, J.P. Pace, who had performed several marriages in Utah challenged the law on a variety of federal constitutional grounds. The court rejected his free exercise claim—holding that there is no constitutional right to solemnize civil marriages—but upheld his due process claim because the law employed arbitrary means to protect the integrity of marriages, especially since it seemed to allow for the possibility of ministers being ordained by fax or telephone.
In Pennsylvania, trial courts have reached different conclusions about the validity of ULC marriages. A 2007 case from York County, Heyer v. Hollerbush, ruled that a mortgage was invalid because the couple’s marriage was solemnized by a ULC minister. But three other courts have held to the contrary in similar cases.
Marriage Law in New York: ULC Marriages are Vulnerable to Challenge
The first challenge to the validity of a ULC-solemnized marriage took place in New York in 1972. In that case, Ravenal v. Ravenal, Richard Ravenal sought an annulment of his marriage to Cathy on the grounds that the ULC minister who presided over their wedding did not have the authority to solemnize marriages under New York law. The minister was a guitar-playing folk-singer, as well as a member, along with the parties, of an “encounter group.”
New York’s Domestic Relations Code provides that valid marriages may be solemnized by a “clergyman or minister of any religion.” The statute borrows the definition of clergyman from another provision of the code, which defines “church” to include both incorporated and unincorporated churches—the latter as a “congregation or society, or other assemblage of persons who are accustomed to statedly meet for divine worship or other religious observances. . . .”
A “clergyman” or “minister” is defined by the Religious Corporations Law to include “a duly authorized pastor, rector, priest, rabbi, and a person having authority from, or in accordance with, the rules and regulations of the governing ecclesiastical body of the denomination or order, if any, to which the church belongs, or otherwise from the church or synagogue to preside over and direct the spiritual affairs of the church or synagogue.”
Does a minister ordained by mail or online by the ULC meet this standard? The trial court in Ravenal concluded that he does not. Prior cases had held that the constitutional guarantee of free exercise of religion includes the “right to have one’s marriage solemnized by a minister of one’s own faith,” and that a minister need not necessarily be “ordained,” as long as he or she is “recognized by his church and congregation as a minister.” But still, the court held, the ULC minister who performed the Ravenals’ wedding did not meet the standard.
The court was unsure whether the ULC was a “religious denomination,” and the ULC’s lack of any doctrine or set of beliefs did nothing to earn it the benefit of the doubt. The court found no record of the church’s existence in New York. And the court was clearly not impressed with the flimsy mechanism by which anyone could become a minister, nor the fact that over a million people had already claimed that “status”. It deemed the ULC “entirely nonecclesiastical and nondenominational.” And, it held, the Ravenals’ officiant—whose authority, the court commented, “rests solely on his having obtained in the mail the card entitled “Credentials of Ministry”—did not qualify as a “clergyman,” particularly given the “absence of an actual church or stated meeting place for worship or any form of religious observance, presided over or directed by a person regarded by such a group as its minister.”
A dozen years later, a group of ULC-ordained ministers sued the New York City clerk’s office for refusing to register them as officiants qualified to perform marriages. New York City is unusual in requiring officiants to register in advance, and, at the time this case was brought, it refused to register ULC ministers.
The ministers challenged the constitutionality of the clerk’s exclusion of them, but, before a trial court in New York County, they lost on all counts. In the 1989 case of Rubino v. City of New York, the court refused to find a violation of the First Amendment’s free exercise of religion clause in the clerk’s policy. The First Amendment does not provide absolute protection for conduct (as opposed to religious beliefs). Moreover, the court noted, there is no recognized free exercise right to perform marriages. And there is nothing in the constitution requiring the state to “bless” religious acts.
The court also rejected the claim that the city clerk’s policy was sufficiently arbitrary to violate Due Process. Given that a court in the same county had interpreted the relevant statute to exclude ULC ministers as authorized officiants, the court held that it was distinctly non-arbitrary for the city clerk’s office to refuse to register such ministers as officiants. The court also held that the state has a strong interest in protecting the “rights and duties derived from marriage” and in protecting individuals from “the possibility that those marriages might be declared invalid or annulled” because of the officiant’s religious credentials.
The final New York opinion concerning the validity of ULC marriages came from an appellate court. In Ranieri v. Ranieri (1989), the court held that a marriage solemnized by a ULC minister was void for that reason. This mattered to the couple at issue because the parties had executed two prenuptial agreements “in contemplation of marriage” that would have no effect if no valid marriage had ever been created.
The court in Ranieri cited the opinions in Rubino and Ravenal with approval even though those opinions were not binding on an appellate court. The Ranieri court also discussed at length the opinions from North Carolina and Virginia that ruled that ULC ministers were unqualified, under the law of those states, to solemnize marriages. In the end, the court concluded that New York’s relatively restrictive definition of church and clergyman meant that a ULC minister could not meet the standard, and that the failure to have utilized an authorized officiant was fatal to the marriage’s validity.
What is the Status of ULC Marriages Celebrated in New York?
Several years ago, the New York City Clerk’s office reversed its policy and began allowing ULC ministers to register with that office as officiants. But does the city clerk’s view of New York marriage law make any difference? It is certainly not definitive. State courts are the interpreters of state statutes, and a state’s highest court has the final say. If courts say that a ULC minister does not satisfy the statutory definition of an authorized officiant, the clerk’s office has no power to override that interpretation.
New York’s highest court—the Court of Appeals—has never weighed in on the ULC minister question. But three lower courts have, and one of the decisions is binding upon all the trial courts in the Second Department. Together, these rulings suggest that those who rely on the services of a ULC minister to solemnize their marriages do so at their own risk.
This is particularly so given the ruling in Ranieri, in which the appellate court ruled that the marriage was void—that is, invalid per se, whether or not a court ever declares it so—rather than merely voidable—that is, capable of being annulled by a court. A void marriage has no effect even if no court ever decrees it a nullity. Parties to such a marriage cannot rely on an estoppel or claim rooted in reliance on the city clerk’s view of applicable marriage law. It also means the marriage is invalid even if neither party choose to nullify it.
Why the Validity of A Marriage Matters
Although James Lynch benefitted from the court’s ruling that his ULC marriage was invalid—he was spared a conviction for bigamy based on a subsequent marriage—many whose marriages are declared invalid will suffer.
The husband in Ranieri learned the hard way that the legal validity of a marriage can matter. The woman he thought he had married had promised in a prenuptial agreement to pay him $90,000 within 90 days of the wedding. But when the marriage was declared invalid because of the officiant, the prenuptial agreement became unenforceable, because the marriage it contemplated never came into existence.
Others may find themselves on the receiving end of an annulment petition, brought by a spouse who has figured out that he or she has an easy way out of the marriage. At the altar, no one is thinking about what happens when the marriage turns sour. (A classic study by Lynn Baker and Robert Emery found that while most people know that the divorce rate hovers around 50 percent, almost everyone assesses their own risk of divorce at or near zero.) And if the parties remain happily married—and neither needs an easy escape—the validity of the marriage may never be tested in court.
However, the validity of a marriage is relevant to any number of legal issues, including, but not limited to wrongful death lawsuits; inheritance rights; survivor’s rights under insurance, pensions, and governmental programs; and tax liability. And a marriage that is void rather than voidable, as discussed above, is even more vulnerable. Thus even bona fide marital bliss is no guarantee that the validity of the marriage will never be tested in court. A question about the officiant’s authority to solemnize will hover like a dark cloud over the marriage.
Conclusion
The fact that there are several states in which ULC marriages have been declared invalid suggests that would-be spouses ought to, at a minimum, be more cautious in selecting an unconventionally-ordained officiant. And this is especially true in states like New York, in which marriage laws have a strict definition of “clergy,” or in which courts have expressed concern about the validity of such marriages.
But these cases also raise an important question: Should state legislatures be in the business of delegating a legal function to religious officials in the first place? And, if they do, should they pick and choose among religions or among “ministers” within those religions? Arguably, the answer to both questions is no.
Civil marriage is a legal status with important consequences. If the state chooses to require legal formalities like a license, an officiant, a ceremony, and paperwork to make it official, then it should rely on public officials to make sure the requirements are met. That makes more sense than relying on religious status as a proxy for one’s capability to implement the state’s marriage requirements, and as a tool to impress upon couples the seriousness of the legal act of getting married. There is no reason that civil and religious marriages need to be intertwined in the way they often are. Couples who want a religious wedding can always stop at city hall en route to the church.
But if the state is going to delegate the job of “marriage officiant” to religious officials, then it ought to tread carefully in drawing lines among religions or among religious officials. Whether the state can constitutionally draw these kind of lines is a thorny and unresolved question. (The Supreme Court, this term, is considering a case about the scope of the ministerial exception under Title VII that involves exactly this type of question.) Perhaps the Mississippi Supreme Court was right to be contented by its standard requiring merely “enough of” a religion and “enough of” a minister for a marriage license to be valid. Anything more precise threatens the important line between church and state.
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In September 2011, I went to a huge wedding in Paris, held in a lovely chapel next to the Tour Eiffel, with an overflow crowd of some 500 people attending. But, of course, the ceremony wasn’t the “real deal” at all. The real wedding, the one that counts for things like property rights, was held a few months before, in a small room, with a few witnesses and an appointed official from the city of Paris. The church can’t actually marry you in France, not in the way that we “vest” that power in our religious figures. I would go further than your “arguably”: we shouldn’t give religious authorities any right to conduct marriages. We should preserve a clear separation between marriage as a civil function and marriage as a sacrament. Such clear separation would also perhaps help define the issues better in the same-sex marriage cases.
That would “Arguably” nullify sections of the declaration.
Thanks for playing.
Brilliant Brent. I have been thinking about the marriage issue myself and think that state sanctioned marriage is only about legal benefits. People claim marriage is about love, but it is not. If it was about love you could hold a ceremony to celebrate your love and share your commitment to each other with your loved ones without state consent or recognition. People get married for the legal benefits.
With all that I know now, I will never re-marry again. There are no legal benefits to marriage that you cannot give to yourself as a single person as far as legality goes. Marriage is a legal institution born of taxes and government… pah.
Yeah Roger, like the legal benefits of paying more in taxes….SMH
This article applies to entities in Modesto, CA. and the Universal Life Church Monastery Storehouse of Seattle, WA. The faith based Universal Life Church World Headquarters, Inc., has a real doctrine of faith and its Ministers are readily accepted throughout the world. http://www.ulcnetwork.com
So what you’re saying is that you hope this damages the reputation of your competitors, but not yours.
Thanks for clarifying.
In most states and countries they look for Ministers to be ordained within a traditional doctrine of faith for individuals to perform weddings. Universal Life Church World Headquarters is the only ULC that offers LEGAL faith based ordination, which means ordained within a doctrine of faith.
Your spouse can come home from work and say you are ordained. The ordination is just as valid as the other ULC’s. But it is not within any faith. There are many states as stated for ordination to be legal and valid to perform wedding, that ordination must be within a specific traditional doctrine of faith.
This article is not looking to damage credibility, rather it is looking to explain the law where the average people can understand them. Getting ordained by your spouse or high school drop outs just simply doesn’t cut it.
I applied for ordination 2 days ago through the http://www.ulcnetwork.com. Admittedly, I had done very little research prior to proceeding through the very brief online application process. A friend of mine asked if I knew anyone who could do it, and I volunteered, and we agreed to go ahead. They want to get married on an upcoming visit to NYC (within 2 weeks) so I thought I would at least get through the application process and look into it while we figure this out. Necessary paperwork may take awhile to arrive, and it is the middle of the holidays, so everything is slower.
Today, I received a callback from a blocked number, and was immediately thrust into an impromptu interview. I answered the questions honestly, and admitted ignorance to several points. My main motivation for the ordination request was to perform the wedding of some very good friends of mine. The interviewer (who never gave me his name) became very aggressive with me and urged me to consider a career in officiating weddings for $1000/pop and to begin a ministry to back up my ordination. I replied, honestly, that I hadn’t given ministry much thought as a full- or part-time occupation and beyond officiating the wedding in 10 days. He then accused me of being a fraud and a crook (because I don’t want to officiate the marriages of strangers for money, but would rather consider marrying good friends of mine that I care for). I told him he was making me uncomfortable and asked that he erase my information and never to contact me again, and he instead started yelling down the phone at me, interrupting and talking over everything I was saying, and then threatened to take my information to the police for being a fraud and a crook. And then he hung up on me.
So there’s that. I would not recommend anyone registering through that site. I’m not saying they’re going to do anything with my information, but it is very unnerving that they have it.
Same thing happened to me. The mans name is Michael and he’s a real piece of work. He threatened me with legal action but what he didn’t know is that I’m a law enforcement officer. He started mis quoting the bible saying I wasn’t ready to marry anyone. What he did not know as well is I hold a masters in theology and religious studies. So yes, I would agree with you that everyone absolutely needs to stay away from ulcnetwork
The Universal Life Church World Headquarters has no record to you or the previous individual whatsoever. But you show up in competitors data base online. Why is it if you are already ordained why are you allegedly seeking ordination through someone else? Quit the games!
You applied to the wrong site! That one is obviously targeting people who are looking for this site http://www.ulc.net/
Your ministry is a bully, do yourselves a favor and stop scamming people and preaching third grade level Christianity over the phone and threatening people with legal action with no grounds. You’ll have to answer to the one True God someday and I can’t wait to be there for it!
I wonder how Quakers are mentioned as also having the belief that every member is a minister, yet they get a “free pass”??? This bias is something the courts will have to overcome as newer judges move into position just like previous laws against inter-racial marriages.
In Pennsylvania, at least, there is a type of marriage license known as “Quaker / Self-Uniting.” If I recall this accurately (it’s been about 20 years), under this type of marriage license, a couple marries *themselves*; everybody else is just there to witness and support it. There is a strong Quaker tradition in the state; William Penn, the founder of the original colony, was a Quaker. I *believe* that any couple can get such a license, not just Quakers. (I was going to put this to the test back then but the couple in question backed out.)
Joanna, thank you for such a clear attempt at a murky discussion.
As a newbie to the conversation (and planning to marry in NY State in July, with a “dear friend ordained for the occasion”) I am trying to sort out this idea that someone who has a “following” of some sort could then qualify.
If I read the NYC statutes correctly, it focuses on being a “leader in a community”.
A popular yoga teacher could be imparting a spiritual doctrine to 150+ people a day – if that yoga teacher, certified by a school of thought, then became a minister, it should count.
So then, in the same way a professor, who has an academic following of hundreds, and the “blessing” of an accredited organization, should qualify….
But not a stay at home Mom (or Dad) who only have two minors in their “following”…..
So perhaps it is not about religion exactly, but about how many people see someone as a leader. Which would then be why the Quakers are “excused”…. the entire Quaker community agrees with each person’s power as a leader.
Wow. all of it is muddy water as far as I can tell.
I just attended the marriage of my sister yesterday and the officiants were her newly ordained son and the grooms daughter, neither of which are religious. so how can they be called ministers?..I believe that the title is befit only a religious officiant. I also think a judge is a legal alternative if you prefer a less religious ceremony. It just seemed so not legal to me knowing these two officiants. There is only one way to become a minister ( faith ) so their certificate to marry people means nothing to me. some family members are saying go to the court house and get remarried just to make sure..so why did they bother to go on line?.. If its that easy to marry then lets make it that easy to divorce,, because mine was six months and a thousand dollars of hell.
At the time, Jesus has no legal standing but was simply called Rabbi “teacher”. Was he not a minister? He never received ordinarion! I believe the Quakers have the “every minister” part righr. If a couple chooses to marry in the presence of friends and family amd all sign the co tract it should be ipso facto valid. I am so ready to take on this farse at a USSC level!
Thanks so much for saving me some peace of mind. I live in Utah and i am a non-religious person, and i see absolutely no reason why i shouldn’t have someone officiate at the ceremony who is meaningful to me and my fiance. Instead of getting a dubious ordination for my officiant, i will get the legal business taken care of in court shortly before the public ceremony.
In New York State, when a couple is married by a ULC minister, no where on the form is it asked by whom the minister has been ordained. Once married the couples gets a certified record of their marriage and no where on that is it stated that the minister was a minister ordained online. The certified record of marriage is then taken to the SS Admin, DMV, Passport Agency, and health care providers with no issue. If it walks like a duck and talks like a duck, then the couple is married. It seems the only issue is if one of them tries to get out of it on a loophole. If these marriages are not legal, then the case for validity of ministry should be made on the marriage application process before it happens.
great point marilyn…stupid state
[…] Some stories just catch your eye – from Justia Verdict (via Law in the News): “Can Laypersons Ordained Online as Universal Life Church Ministers, or the Like, Officiate at Wedding…,” by Professor Joanna L. Grossman. “In the second of a two-part series of columns raising […]
Has anything changed on this in New York State since this Article was published?
Abraham took Sarah as his wife. End of story. She agreed. I’ll go with that one from now on.
In the 1930’s the ministers declared a man and a woman married in the Name of The Father, The Son and the Holy Ghost. No Godless corporate STATE involved.
You must realize Law is antithetical to Legal.
One is de jure, one is de-facto/pretend
I was ordained using the Universal Life Church. I am a Wiccan Priestess and did not go to a seminary or any other religious school for my training. There is a problem with many individuals’ arguments with this. They are using God and Christian / Catholic / Jewish etc., monotheistic religions as their arguments as to the validity / invalidity of the ordination. There are those of us out there who want their ordination so they can aid in the weddings of those not within the system of the “mainstream churches”. Wicca, Shamanism, Druidic practices, these religions have been around for millennia. The problem is, if someone wishes to be married outside of the mainstream church, they either have to go to a judge and have some rinky-dink little thing where they just sign a paper and it’s more like going to court than getting married… or they are forced into wedding according to the rules of that church, usually Catholic or Christian as those are the largest churches in the US and the most powerful, though many say they are often one and the same in many ways. If you are going to say “one religious group has proper ordinations and if you are not part of this religious group then your’s is invalid,” how do you choose? How do you choose the “proper” religion? I will not feel any shame in being ULC ordained or apologize for it. The only way I was able to short of going to a religious school and having beliefs that are not my own shoved down my throat. I also avoided having to deal with scorn and abuse any time people realized I’m pagan. I’ve been ordained now for several years. I’ve only performed one wedding. Legal in the State of Wisconsin. But I do not charge a penny for my services. Not for gas, not for food, nothing. For me it is a sacred honor to be offered the chance to cement someone’s bond, not a money making deal. I honestly believe that it should be illegal for ministers – in ANY religion – to charge for the services of performing a wedding or a funeral or any of those services. We take up the title in order to serve, not to be served.
Thank you, but, if I might ask, what for?
So tell me then if they don’t charge for their gas, toll, etc. how are they to make a living or get compensated for their services, if this is how they make extra income and being a minister is their full time calling or occupation? if a judge, mayor or city servant gets paid to officiate a wedding why not a minister? Its a job for most Bridget… not everything is “service” as you so eloquently put it…
I just want to say that up until I began reading these comments, I THOUGHT I was ordained by The Universal Life Church, but when I read one person describe a phone call he received after applying for ordination, and another person claiming he had the same experience, I pulled out my ordination credentials and realized that I am ordained through Universal Life Church Monastery-a completely different website! I have never received a phone call, letter or email that was pressuring or harassing in ANY way. I just wonder how many people have confused these websites.
I almost thought I made a mistake too. I got mine here… http://www.themonastery.org/ and was considering a backup after reading this at AMM, but I don’t think I need one. It’s a completely different site. The site they’re talking about is this one… http://www.ulc.org/. I feel confident in my choice.